Is hybrid embedded power supply a good choice for electric vehicles?

Obtained results show that the hybrid embedded power supply with the proposed control strategies is able to offer the best performances for the chosen electric vehicle in terms of weight, initial cost, and battery lifetime. Need Help?

Can a Li-ion battery/supercapacitor hybrid embedded power supply be used for urban electric vehicles?

For this reason, we propose the use of a Li-ion battery/supercapacitor hybrid embedded power supply for an urban electric vehicle. The sizing process of this system including the optimization of the power sharing is done thanks to a developed hybrid Particle Swarm-Nelder-Mead algorithm involving multi-objective optimization.

What are the applications of lithium-ion batteries?

The applications of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widespread including electric vehicles (EVs) and hybridelectric vehicles (HEVs) because of their lucrative characteristics such as high energy density, long cycle life, environmental friendliness, high power density, low self-discharge, and the absence of memory effect [, , ].

What is a hybrid embedded power supply (HEPs)?

The main source of this hybrid embedded power supply (HEPS) is a high-energy-density lithium-ion battery; the second is an ultra-high-power (UHP) lithium-ion battery (Fig. 5). 5.

What are lithium ion batteries?

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have nowadays become outstanding rechargeable energy storage devices with rapidly expanding fields of applications due to convenient features like high energy density, high power density, long life cycle and not having memory effect.

How is a lithium ion battery made?

First, the battery core is constructed using a stack of Li-ion battery anode and cathode layers arranged in alternating fashion and separated using polyolefin separator layers (Fig. 3 A). Before lamination, the electrodes are cut and perforated at pre-defined locations for the through-thickness rivets.