How much lead-acid batteries are there in China?

The amount of waste lead-acid batteries in Shanghai was about more than 80 kton and the legitimate collection rate was less than 10% (Chen et al., 2009, USGS, 2006). Waste batteries in China is traded through multiple intermediary traders resulting in a high cost of production for secondary lead plants (Li and Fan, 2011).

What are the problems with lead acid batteries in China?

The remaining problems including low secondary proportion, disordered recycling system, and high proportion of oudated process, still exist in China until now. The amount of used lead acid batteries rises along with the rapid development of battery manufacture in China.

How many lead batteries are produced each year in China?

Every year in China, approximately 300,000 lead batteries are replaced in motor vehicles and ships alone, and the annual growth rate of WLAB production is 7% (Bai et al., 2016). With the development of consumer electric bicycles, vehicles, and electronic communication devices, the number of LABs is expected to increase each year.

Does China recycle lead-acid batteries?

China produces a large number of waste lead-acid batteries (WLABs). However, because of the poor state of the country's collection system, China's formal recycling rate is much lower than that of developed countries and regions, posing a serious threat to the environment and human health.

Which country produces the most lead acid batteries in the world?

Till now, the annual production in China has ranked first in the world for 11 consecutive years (Zhang, 2012). The consumption of lead acid batteries accounts for up to 84% of lead consumption (Prengaman, 2000), and its lifecycle is generally two years (Van den Bossche et al., 2006).

How much lead is in China?

However, the average lead content of lead ore in China is only 2.88% (Peng, 2013), and it is cumbersome to mine the remaining lead ore. As a result, in recent years, China's annual import of lead concentrate has exceeded 1.40 million tons per year, and the dependence on the international market for primary lead consumption has increased.