Do lightning-induced voltages affect hybrid solar PV–battery energy storage systems?

Nevertheless, since the effects of lightning-induced voltages on the hybrid solar PV–battery energy storage system were highly dependent on the abovementioned factors, an insulation coordination study is crucially needed to ensure the security of grid-connected systems, as well as to assign and coordinate appropriate protection schemes.

How can a PV system protect against lightning?

The paper recommends modifying the system performance against lightning by the proper cable arrangement, using PV systems with a metal frame, using the efficient grounding system with low resistance, and keeping an appropriate distance between the external LPS and the PV system.

How to protect against lightning overvoltages?

The accurate analysis of lightning transients helps in selecting an effective and economic protection system. Moreover, the metal oxide surge arrester and the static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) were used to mitigate the lightning overvoltages .

Does lightning cause transient effects in a PV system?

The PEEC method with the vector fitting technique was presented before to analyze the transient effects caused by lightning in the PV system, models of different components such as steel structures, panels wiring, and PV cells are explained. Besides, the nonlinear SPD was also modeled.

What is a hybrid solar PV–battery energy storage system?

Hybrid solar PV–battery energy storage systems are usually installed in outdoor areas, whereby the likelihood of lightning strikes is very high, especially in the areas that are vulnerable to lightning. For instance, Malaysia is recognized as the “Crown of Lightning”, experiencing an average of 200 thunderstorm days every year [ 5, 6 ].

How many volts does a hybrid solar energy storage system produce?

Based on the measured output voltages in Table 6, the hybrid solar PV–battery energy storage system converted about 715.2 V DC from the inverter to an output of 354.7 V AC. The 354.7 VAC output was connected to the grid by a transformer with a rating of 1.5 MVA 433 V/11 kV.