How can carbon electrode perovskite solar cells be improved?

In future, carbon electrodes can be further modified in terms of their extraction capability. Besides, the composition of carbon electrodes and the passivation between interfaces are all necessary to improve the efficiency of carbon electrode perovskite solar cells and facilitate their subsequent commercialization.

How is a carbon electrode made?

The carbon electrode was mainly made by mixing carbon black and graphite with the CuPc dispersed in the carbon source, which can all be purchased at low cost. The morphologies of the resultant carbon electrode with and without CuPc were almost the same (Figure S3).

What is the role of insulator in a carbon back electrode?

However, this increases the processing time and cost of the device production. The role of the insulator is to prevent contact between the front and the carbon back electrode. Common materials used for this purpose are ZrO 2, Al 2 O 3, and TiO 2.

What is the thickness of a carbon electrode?

The thickness of the carbon electrode was about 30 μm (Figure S2), and the carbon electrode uniformly covered the perovskite layer. The carbon electrode was mainly made by mixing carbon black and graphite with the CuPc dispersed in the carbon source, which can all be purchased at low cost.

Can carbon be used as a counter electrode?

Reproduced with permission from Ref. , Copyright 2012, Royal Society of Chemistry. Carbon materials are not only used for counter electrodes, in fact, C 60 can also be used as ETM and can improve the electron extraction, suppress charge recombination, and reduce the sub-bandgap states at the interface with perovskite.

Are carbon electrodes a problem in PSCs?

Trend and opportunities The struggle in the formulation of carbon electrodes lies in the fact that several requirements must be met at the same time for their proper implementation in PSCs.