Who are the authors of online internal temperature sensors in lithium-ion batteries?

Asanthi Jinasena, Lena Spitthoff, Markus Solberg Wahl, Jacob Joseph Lamb, Paul R. Shearing, Anders Hammer Strømman and Odne Stokke Burheim, Online Internal Temperature Sensors in Lithium-Ion Batteries: State-of-the-Art and Future Trends, Front. Chem. Eng., 16 February 2022, Sec. Electrochemical Engineering, Volume 4 – 2022

What is a hard temperature sensor?

This is an actual physical sensor that is in contact with the cell or contactless. In the case of hard sensors there is also the number and location to be considered. The location and number of temperature sensors is important to consider.

Why is temperature sensing important for EV battery performance?

Reliable and accurate temperature sensing measurement is critical to long-term EV battery performance. Amphenol produces temperature sensing solutions -- including NTC thermistors -- that are highly accurate with a high degree of stability that set the performance standard.

How stable is a battery pack?

To ensure long-term stability, battery packs used in electric vehicles (EVs) typically operate in the range of 20% to 85% of power, so they are rarely charged at 4.2V full-voltage or below 3.2 V battery voltage Discharge. Figure 4 shows the behavior of the BMS when the temperature reaches different critical thresholds.

What temperature should a cell sensor operate at?

Some of these temperatures are hard limits for the continued safe operation of the cell. For most cells they will operate best between 15°C and 35°C. Jinasena et al break the sensing down into Hard and Soft Sensors. Using this as an initial list we can extend this further into a more complete list of sensors:

Can a thermistor be used in a battery cell?

Research is ongoing to put sensors inside the battery cell, thus giving the ability to measure key internal variables such as electrode potentials, current, temperature, mechanical stress and internal pressure. You do need to consider redundancy as a single thermistor is very cheap as a part, but could be very expensive to replace.