Which environmental impact category is most important for lithium-ion batteries?

Global warming potential has, although criticized, remained the most central environmental impact category of many LCAs conducted for lithium-ion batteries , , . As the data basis for GWP remains the strongest and most accessible it has been chosen as the reference impact category in the present work.

How much does a photovoltaic system contribute to a grid?

Generally, studies seem to agree that the contribution of the photovoltaic system is between 40 and 70 % and the contribution of the BESS between 30 and 60 %. 3.7. Direct comparison with grid is problematic but can put results into perspective

What percentage of electricity is provided by a photovoltaic system?

Electricity consumption from the grid. The example above leads to I = 30 %, II = 30 % and III = 40 % so that 30 % of the electricity is provided directly by the photovoltaic system, another 30 % by the BESS which was charged with photovoltaic electricity earlier, and the remaining 40 % from the grid.

Can a decentralised lithium-ion battery energy storage system solve a low-carbon power sector?

Decentralised lithium-ion battery energy storage systems (BESS) can address some of the electricity storage challenges of a low-carbon power sector by increasing the share of self-consumption for photovoltaic systems of residential households.

What are the advantages of lithium based batteries?

Lithium-based battery offers high specific power/energy density, and gains popularities in many applications, such as small grids and integration of renewable energy in grids , , . In deep discharge applications Li-ion batteries has significantly higher cycle life than lead-acid batteries.

What is a lithium ion battery?

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become the dominant technology for BESSs, in particular for short term storage , , , . Residential BESSs are employed to increase self-consumption of photovoltaic systems, sometimes referred to as energy time shift.