What are the efficiencies of Liquid solar fuel cells?

The solar-to-fuel efficiencies have been determined only for formate (4.6% and 10%) 145, 148 and hydrogen peroxide (0.89% and 6.6%), 398 because the efficiencies for other liquid solar fuels were too low to be determined. On the other hand, the performance of liquid fuel cells is excellent for HCOOH, CH 3 OH, C 2 H 5 OH, and N 2 H 4.

What is a photoelectrochemical nitrogen reduction cell?

A nitrogen photo-reduction cell was constructed (Fig. 2a) with nitrogen gas bubbling over the surface of the material and artificial solar light (300 W Xe lamp) as an illumination source. The yield of ammonia was measured by using an ammonia/ammonium ISE and the indophenol method 27. Figure 2: Photoelectrochemical nitrogen reduction.

Can a nanostructured photoelectrochemical cell mimic the nitrogen fixation and conversion process?

In summary, we describe a nanostructured photoelectrochemical cell that is capable of mimicking the nitrogen fixation and conversion process of nitrogenases in nature and producing ammonia (13.3 mg m −2 h −1, at 2 suns) and an ammonia based fertilizer in a fully solar-driven process.

Can solar energy produce liquid fuels?

This review focuses on the production of liquid fuels using solar energy, so-called solar liquid fuels, combined with their use in direct liquid fuel cells.

Can solar-light-driven production of liquid fuels be sustainable?

In each case, development of more efficient and selective catalysts for both solar-light-driven production of liquid fuels and their use in liquid fuel cells is required to establish an energy-sustainable society with no global warming and no depletion of fossil fuels.

How is nitrogen based fertilizer produced in a plasma reactor?

The production of nitrogen-based fertilizer in a plasma reactor involves a nitrogen fixation process. Plasma, the fourth state of matter, consists of ionized atoms and molecules.