Is battery swapping a viable solution for refueling electric vehicles?

... Battery swapping presents a popular solution for efficiently refueling electric vehicles (EVs), addressing the time-consuming nature of the traditional battery charging process (Zhan, Wang, Zhang, Liu, Cui et al., 2022).

How EV batteries can increase the initial cost of BSS?

These new batteries can increase the initial cost of BSS, hence the optimal solution is necessary by optimizing the number of EV batteries taken from battery stock, battery charging damage and electricity charging cost of EV batteries in each hour during the day . BSS can achieve benefit from power exchange between grid and batteries.

What are the parameters of battery swapping?

Parameters are classified based on the battery swapping methods and applications. There are four standard techniques available in terms of mechanical system namely top swapping, bottom swapping, sideways swapping, and rear swapping. Bottom swapping refers to the mechanism that swaps batteries from the lower part of the vehicle.

How many BSS can you swap a battery in a day?

They have launched its fourth-generation BSS that can swap a battery pack within 30 s, offering 400–500 battery swaps per day. Currently, Aulton has 51.5% of the country's total number of BSS. Their strong presence in China's BSS industry has made many automakers to partner with them . 11. Challenges and future trends

What is the controllable capacity of a battery?

The controllable capacity of a battery can be obtained according to the battery state . For this purpose, the batteries are divided into three states namely swapping state, charging state and controllable state. Batteries in controllable states can be used for power exchange with the grid.

How does a battery swapping station work?

The swapping station takes the fully charged batteries out of the set and returns the depleted batteries to the stack. Further, the charging station sets the prices to maximize the utility profit.