Are sodium-sulfur batteries suitable for energy storage?

This paper presents a review of the state of technology of sodium-sulfur batteries suitable for application in energy storage requirements such as load leveling; emergency power supplies and uninterruptible power supply. The review focuses on the progress, prospects and challenges of sodium-sulfur batteries operating at high temperature (~ 300 °C).

What is a sodium sulphur battery?

Sodium-sulphur batteries are high temperature batteries using liquid sodium and sulphur, potentially useful as ESSs at close to grid-scale . Na-S batteries might have become the energy source of choice for electric vehicle applications except for the need to keep them at their operating temperature of 300 °C .

Can sodium-sulfur batteries operate at high temperature?

The review focuses on the progress, prospects and challenges of sodium-sulfur batteries operating at high temperature (~ 300 °C). This paper also includes the recent development and progress of room temperature sodium-sulfur batteries. 1. Introduction

How does sulfur affect a high temperature Na-s battery?

Sulfur in high temperature Na-S batteries usually exhibits one discharge plateau with an incomplete reduction product of Na 2 S n (n ≥ 3), which reduces the specific capacity of sulfur (≤ 558 mAh g −1) and the specific energy of battery.

What functionalities can be recognized in Na–S batteries?

To this end, we summarize the unconventional designs for the functionalities of Na–S batteries such as flexible batteries, solid-state cells, flame resistance, and operation at extreme temperatures ( Scheme 1 ). We highlight the design principles of how these functionalities can be recognized in Na–S batteries.

Are batteries causing environmental pollution?

The share of batteries’ manufacturing processes in causing environmental contaminants (especially CO 2 emissions) is significant because of the high energy consumption, compared to other energy storage processes.