Can a colloidal battery be used in a dry environment?

Although our colloidal batteries are intended to operate in a large reservoir of electrolyte, there are other application scenarios where the microrobots are in a dry environment or where ionic species are not available in the liquid environment.

Can colloidal starch confine polyiodides under high temperature?

For the I x− permeability under high temperature of 50 °C (Supplementary Figs. 42 and 43), the colloidal starch could strongly confine the polyiodides by forming a colloidal aggregation featuring low I x− permeability to impede the cross-over issue even at a severe condition of high temperature.

What is the yield of a picoliter battery?

Overall, we estimate an overall yield of at least 80% for the functional picoliter batteries after being released from the substrate. The batteries with wires were also etched and washed in the same way as stated above. Then, 2 μl of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) e-beam resist was drop-casted onto each device as a protection layer.

Does colloidal starch improve reversibility of a Zn anode?

The results could be attributed to the ultrasmall-sized colloidal starch that could cross the membrane to the anolyte and consequently stabilize the pH of the anolyte, hence endowing improved reversibility of the Zn anode.

Does polyiodide cross-over affect grid-level battery performance?

However, capacity loss and low Coulombic efficiency resulting from polyiodide cross-over hinder the grid-level battery performance. Here, we develop colloidal chemistry for iodine-starch catholytes, endowing enlarged-sized active materials by strong chemisorption-induced colloidal aggregation.

Why do PBS batteries have a lower voltage than Il electrolyte?

The batteries offered lower voltage compared with those in the normal PBS electrolyte, primarily because of the higher viscosity and lower conductivity of IL electrolyte. The battery delivered 0.82 μJ of energy at a current density of 0.1 mA cm −2.