What raw materials are used in batteries?

nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), silicon (Si) and zinc (Zn). Of these materials, antimony, present in lead–acid batteries in vehicles and energy storage, and cobalt plus natural graphite, used in lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, are marked as critical in the 2017 list of critical raw materials.

Are all battery materials represented in the data viewer?

As not all battery materials, for example plastics and electrolytes, are represented in the data viewer, the sum of the weights of the individual materials does not equal the total battery weight.

Do chemistries collect data on batteries?

The same is true for the chemistries. There are differences in the ways that Member States collect and publish data on batteries placed on the market and on end-of-life batteries collected, and the level of detail of the reporting varies significantly (Wagner et al., 2019).

What materials are used in a lithium ion battery?

Most existing LIBs use aluminum for the mixed-metal oxide cathode and copper for the graphite anode, with the exception of lithium titanate (Li4Ti5, LTO) which uses aluminum for both . The cathode materials are typically abbreviated to three letters, which then become the descriptors of the battery itself.

Can a lithium battery be recycled?

It is estimated that recycling can save up to 51% of the extracted raw materials, in addition to the reduction in the use of fossil fuels and nuclear energy in both the extraction and reduction processes . One benefit of a LIB compared to a primary battery is that they can be repurposed and given a second life.

Are lead-acid batteries recyclable?

The targets for recycling efficiency of lead-acid batteries are increased, and new targets for lithium batteries are introduced, in light of the importance of lithium for the battery value chain. In addition, specific recovery targets for valuable materials – cobalt, lithium, lead and nickel – are set to be achieved by 2025 and 2030.